Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the genital tract.
General information
HPV is an extremely widespread viruses group around the world. There are more than 190 species of this virus, of which at least 13 lead to the development of cancer (they are known as high risk types). The human papilloma virus is mainly transmitted by sexual intercourse, and most people are infected with them immediately after they begin to lead sex. Two types of HPV (16 and 18) cause 70% of all cases of cervical cancer (RSHM) and cervical prektance pathological conditions.
Probability to get sick
The human papilloma virus is mainly transmitted by sexual intercourse, and most people are infected with them immediately after they begin to lead sex. But penetrating sex is not required for virus transfer. Genital abdominal contact is a well -established pathway of transmission of papillomavirus infection. HPV risk groups are children and adolescents 15-18 years old.
Cervical cancer develops as a result of obtained sexual means of infection with certain types of HPV. Risk factors for RSM development: first sexual intercourse at an early age; Multiple sexual partners; Immunity suppression (for example, HIV -infected people undergo an increased risk of HPV infection and are infected with a wider range of VPV types).
The symptoms and nature of the course of the disease
Most HPV infections do not lead to the appearance of symptoms or diseases and pass themselves (about 90% pass within 2 years). However, a stable infection with certain types of HPV (most often with types of 16 and 18) can lead to the development of precancerous pathological conditions. Without treatment, these conditions can develop in cervical cancer. Today, cervical cancer is the most common disease associated with the human papilloma virus. Cervical cancer is the fourth among the most common types of cancer in women, and the seventh in general: according to estimates, 528, 000 new cases in the world were in 2012.
RSM symptoms usually appear only in the advanced stage of cancer and may include the following:
In later stages, more severe symptoms may occur.
Papillomavirus infection is also involved in 20-90% of cases of anus, oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis cell cancer. According to estimates, up to 90% of all anal cancer cases are due to HPV-16 and HPV-18, and 40% of cases of vulva cancer, which are mainly found in older women, associated with HPV-16.
HPV infection due to types of low risk causes anogental warts in men and women (pronounced condyloma or sexually transmitted warts). The average time between the infection with the types of HPV-6 or 11 and the development of sexually transmitted warts is 11-12 months in men and 5-6 months in young women 16. Anogenital condilomas are difficult to treat.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 can also cause a rare condition known as repeated respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), in which warts are formed in the larynx or other parts of the respiratory tract. RRP is mainly observed in children under the age of 5 years (juvenile PRP) or people in the third ten (adult RRP). In rare cases, women with HPV genital infection can convey the virus to the baby during childbirth. An absurd RRP can lead to a serious problem due to the obstruction of the respiratory tract.
Complications after illness
It is proven that RSM in 100% of cases is due to oncogen as the types of human papilloma virus (HPV). In women with a normal immune system, cervical cancer takes place in 15-20 years. In women with a weakened immune system, for example, with HIV infection in the absence of treatment, its development can only take 5-10 years. Despite the limited data for angeenital, cancer, other than cervical cancer, an increasing number of current data shows the relationship of human papillomavis to the anus, vulva, vagina and penis. And, although these types of cancer are less common than RSHS, their connection to HPV makes them potentially capable of preventing the same primary preventive strategies as for cervical cancer.
Types of HPV that do not cause cancer (especially types 6 and 11) can cause pronounced and papillomatosis of respiratory condoms (a disease in which tumors grow in the respiratory tract leading from the nose and mouth to the lungs). And, although these conditions are very rarely leading to death, they can often lead to a disease. Sharp condilomas are widespread and extremely infectious.
Mortality
There is a high global mortality from cervical cancer (52%), the cause of which is human papillomavirus. In 2012, about 270, 000 women died of RSM, and more than 85% of these deaths occurred in low and middle -income countries.
Treatment
RSM examination is testing for precancerous conditions and cancer among women who have no symptoms and feel completely healthy. If the examination detects precancerous pathological conditions, they can be easily treated and thus prevent cancer. Review can also identify cancer at an early stage with a high probability of cure.
Given the fact that precancerous conditions have been developing for many years, every woman aged 30-49 is recommended to undergo examination at least once in a lifetime, and often better. Review is effective for reducing cervical cancer mortality only in the case of a considerable number of women.
3 different types of review are currently available:
In developed countries, there are programs that provide women with opportunities for examination, which allows you to identify the most precancerous conditions at stages when they can be easily treated. Early treatment by the human papilloma virus allows you to prevent up to 80% of RSM development cases in these countries.
In developing countries, the limited access to effective control means that the disease is often detected only in the later stages when symptoms develop. Moreover, the treatment of the disease in such later stages is ineffective, which leads to high levels of mortality from RSM in these countries.
The effectiveness of vaccination
The results of the clinical tests show that both existing vaccines are safe and very effective in preventing HPV 16 and 18 infection. Both vaccines are more effective if vaccination is performed before human papillomavirus is exposed. Therefore, it is preferable to take the vaccination before the first sexual contact. Vaccines do not treat HPV infection or HPV -related disease (such as cancer).
In some countries, vaccination of boys against human papilloma virus has been presented, given the fact that it allows you to prevent genital cancer in men and women, and one of the available vaccines also prevents the development of genital warts in men and women. Moreover, vaccination of boys serves to prevent HPV circulation in the population of adolescents and young adults. WHO recommends vaccinating girls aged 9-13 years, as this is the most effective, in terms of costs, a measure of public health against cervical cancer.
Vaccination against HPV does not replace the examination in cervical cancer. In the countries where the VPV vaccine has been adopted, it may also be necessary to develop review programs. At the end of 2013, the vaccine against the human papilloma virus was presented in the 55 WHO countries.
Modern mathematical models show that in the coverage of girls 12-13 years old, a full course of primary immunization (3 doses) with a vaccine against papillomavirus infection, it is possible to predict the risks of cervical cancer of 63%, in cervical, cervical age, cervical age, age, age of cervical age, cervical age, cervical age, cervical age, cervical age, cervical age, cervical age, cervical age. age, curs-cores corseste. age of age. 30 years - with 27%.
Vaccine
Currently, there are two vaccines that protect from 16 and 18 species of human papillomavirus, causing at least 70% of cervical cancer. These vaccines can also provide a cross protection against other, less common HPV species that cause RSM. One of these vaccines also protects against types of HPV 6 and 11, which cause anogenital air conditioning.
The development and recording of vaccines against papillomavirus infection determined the possibility of primary prevention of RSM.
The last epidemics
Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women - according to estimates, 530, 000 new cases of disease are recorded annually, about 270, 000 patients are dying.
The incidence retains the growth trend.
The probability of each woman's CRM disease on average during her lifetime is 0. 53%.
Historical information and interesting facts
In the middle of the 20th century, scientist Harold Tur Hausen found that women suffering from cervical cancer are immutable with human papillomavirus. In 1983, he discovered papillomavirus DNA in a cervical cancer biopsy, and this event could be considered the opening of the VPH-16 oncogenic virus. In 2008, the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Prize in the field of Physiology and Medicine Harald Zur Hausen to discover that the papilloma virus can cause cervical cancer.